Late Ottoman Athens: Greek And Turk Together

1. Introduction.

• Time span.
• Why Athens?
• The main areas covered in the book.
• Government.
• Class and politics.
• Hacı Ali haseki.

2. Main sources.

• Travellers.
• Venetian archives.
• Δημήτριος Καμπούρογλου (1852–1942).
• Ἰωάννης Μπενιζέλος (c.1735–1806).
• Παναγής Σκουζές (1777–1847).
• Relevant modern publications.
• Gaps in the sources.

3. Economic activity.

• The major businesses.
• Other agricultural products.
• The bazaar.
• Other trades and professions.

4. Relations between Greeks and Turks.

5. Class.

• Kambouroglou’s account of the class system.
• The upper class.
• The second class, the νοικοκυραῖοι.
• Boundary between the second class and those below it.
• The villages.
• Summary on class.

6. Government.

• Appointment of the governor.
• The προεστώτες.

7. Introduction to Part 2.

• Before 1753: A golden age?
• Introductory note.
• Notable individuals.

8. 1752–1763: The war of Sarı Muselim and its aftermath.

• 1752–1754: The fall of Moralı Beşir ağa and the war of Sarı Muselim.
• 1755–1763: Good years, relatively speaking.

9. 1764–1770: Foreign consulships and archbishop Βαρθολομαῖος.

• 1764: Foreign consulships and Βαρθολομαῖος.
• 1764–1768: Βαρθολομαῖος, Δημήτριος Γάσπαρης and the consulship of Athens.
• 1767–1768: Economic boom years.
• 1768–1770: The paşa of Chalkida, and Βαρθολομαῖος, again.

10. 1770–1778: War with Russia – the coming of Hacı Ali.

• 1770: The war with Russia – initial difficulties but life goes on.
• 1771: Μητρομάρας.
• 1772–1773: Osman Makfi.
• 1774: Makfi and Hacı Ali, the start.
• 1775: Hacı Ali’s first term as governor.
• 1776: Hacı Ali works at being reinstated.
• 1777: Hacı Ali’s second term as governor and the battle with the Albanians.
• Firearms and, separately, appointment of the προεστώτες.
• 1778: Hacı Ali’s third term as governor – the building of a wall round the town.
• 1775–78: Elements of Skouzes’s account.

11. 1778–1785: Hacı Ali loses, regains, then loses the governorship. Deaths of Βαρθολομαῖος and of Osman Makfi.

• 1778–1779: Class antagonism, Greeks and Turks, and Hacı Ali again dismissed. Hacı Ali’s relationship with the προεστώτες.
• 1780–1781: The death of Βαρθολομαῖος and the appointment of Βενέδικτος.
• 1782: Hacı Ali regains the governorship.
• 1782–1784: Hacı Ali’s fourth term as governor, and his rupture with Makfi.
• 1784–1785: The capture and death of Makfi, and its aftermath. Hacı Ali goes to the Capital.

12. 1785: Revolution.

• The establishment of a new regime in Athens, finally under Μπέλος and Bekir.
• Supported by Esma, Hacı Ali does well in the Capital.
• Other sources for the story of Makfi.
• Hacı Ali falters, but then goes on the attack.
• Dismissal of Βενέδικτος.
• Μπέλος and Bekir overplay their hand.
• The strict measures of Esma and Hacı Ali continue.
• Ἀθανάσιος joins the rebels.
• A stand-off at the walls of Athens.
• Ἀθανάσιος and Zayım Ali ağa in Athens.

13. Intervention of Beyhan Sultan, and a change in the grand vizier: bad consequences for Hacı Ali; but then the end of the revolution.

• Hacı Ali forced to take refuge.
• 1786: Imprisonment of the old προεστώτες; the new regime’s control of the governorship.
• 1787: Halil ağa’s second term as governor and the return of Βενέδικτος.
• 1788: Halil ağa’s third (interrupted) term as governor and the end of the revolution.
• Skouzes’s treatment of the regime of Μπέλος and Bekir.

14. 1789: Hacı Ali takes up the governorship for the fifth time.

• Famine and plague.
• The British ambassador again, and Βενέδικτος.
• A phantom προεστώτες election.
• Resumption of the tyranny.
• 1789–90: Benizelos’s account of the tyranny.
• 1789–1790: Skouzes’s account of the plague, and of the tyranny.

15. Hacı Ali is called to provide military service; defends Athens against attack by Halil paşa; is banished from Athens.

• Σκλαβοῦνος and Halil paşa.
• Hacı Ali banished, and goes to Istanbul.
• Issues of dating.
• Starting again in 1792.

16. 1793–1799: The tyranny as before; Hacı Ali fails to displace the bostancı başı; Διονύσιος Πετράκης goes to the Capital; the fall and execution of Hacı Ali and its aftermath.

• Failed attempt to supplant the bostancı başı.
• Hacı Ali makes the moves that are finally going to lead to his fall.
• 1795: The compatriots, and the involvement of Mustafa Reşid; Hacı Ali is executed.
• 1796–1799: More disorder, but the threat of another autocracy is averted.

17. 1800–1812: The προεστώτες, Λογοθέτης, Elgin, the French.

• The προεστώτες and the governor.
• Σπυρίδων Λογοθέτης.
• Hunt’s mission, Mustafa Reşid and Mehmed Raşid.
• Anglo-French rivalries.

18. The Greek enlightenment touches Athens.

• The Ντέκα school.
• The school at Mount Pelion.
• The Filomousos Society of Athens.
• The philosophical school.
• The Vienna Society.
• Athens remains relatively unenlightened.

19. 1813–1821: Class war.

• The election of the προεστώτες in 1815.
• The election of the προεστώτες in February 1818.
• The election of the προεστώτες in February 1819, and the Πρακτικόν.
• 1820, two elections in quick succession.
• The fall of Νικόλαος Λογοθέτης, and the election of December 1820.

20. The end of the story.